What Will Be If Nuclear War Comes
Nuclear weapons of Israel !!! Wonders of cunning!
Subtitles
Despite the fact that the cold war ended about 30 years ago, as long as nuclear weapons exist, there is always the danger of their use. This raises a logical question: can mankind survive a nuclear war? Now we will try to understand this question. Beginning in the 1950s, the United States and the USSR created an incredible arsenal of nuclear weapons, the total capacity of which exceeds the nuclear charge thousands of times, which was dropped on the Japanese Hiroshima. It is believed that if a nuclear war sets in, the overwhelming mass of nuclear charges will be dropped on large and medium-sized cities, since most of the population is concentrated there. It is not advisable to drop bombs on the missile launch sites of the alleged enemy, since they are well disguised and protected. The entire exchange of nuclear strikes will last no more than a few hours, that is, the events will develop quite rapidly. Since there are many different combustible materials within the city, such as plastic, wood, concrete and even metal, cities will be plunged into the chaos of fires. As a result of burning large amounts of materials, ash will form, which will cover most of the sky. As a result of this, the so-called “nuclear winter” will prevail on earth, which will last, according to various estimates, from several months to two or three years. Due to the fact that the amount of sunlight falling on the ground, will significantly decrease, the whole climate will be rebuilt and the earth as a whole will become colder. Therefore, many inhabitants of the flora and fauna will die, especially from the equatorial zone, where the weather is warm throughout the year. Nuclear war will lead to incredible human casualties. And there will be several damaging causes: fire, radiation, hunger and cold. Many cities will become empty and take the form of those that are often shown in various apocalyptic films. The surviving population will begin to be settled in remote parts of their countries, since there will be no nuclear strikes on such locations, and there will remain opportunities for survival. The radiation background in large cities will poison all living things for decades. In the end, it will gradually spread all over the earth, but this radiation will not be affected much by surviving people. Basic life will be revived and adjusted in the northern and southern parts of the hemispheres, such as central and northern Russia, Canada, Australia, Central Africa and southern South America. The state system will be completely changed, and many countries will be divided into small confederations. In the first six months after the nuclear apocalypse, there will be a strong famine and radiation sickness in the survivors. All this will lead to a further decrease in the population. Logistics and transport will be rolled back 100 years ago, which will significantly slow down the pace of life and such concepts as global consumption will simply cease to exist. In the coming years after a nuclear war, there will be no wars, as people will focus on their survival, and countries will actively trade among themselves. Paper money will disappear and they will be replaced by completely different measures of value. It can be gold, pure water, or even batteries. It is believed that people will remain connected, including the Internet. After all, it was originally created by order of the military, as a means of communication in the event of a global nuclear war. In the early years, large-scale industry will almost completely collapse and people will concentrate on agriculture, ore mining and animal husbandry. In general, it will take several decades to begin the earth to recover from the consequences of such a large-scale disaster. And according to many scholars, its effects will no longer be felt only after 100 years. It is through this period that nature and climate will be able to partially recover, and human resources will begin to resume.
Chinese scientists have calculated that the bomb reached 2, 35 kilotons, causing a tremor of 4, 7 degrees. According to the North Korean government, when creating a stronger tremor at 5, 1 degrees, the bomb was miniaturized. The Pentagon, however, said that it "moderately" relies on information that North Korea has learned to make miniature nuclear weapons that can be launched by a ballistic missile. In May, US and South Korean intelligence officials came to the conclusion that North Korea could now develop nuclear warheads on short- and medium-range missiles capable of reaching Japan and South Korea. This caused an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 degrees, the influence of which was felt in China.
- North Korea said it was a hydrogen bomb.
- The bombing caused an earthquake of 5, 3 and reached 10 kilotons.
Operating principle
Nuclear weapons are based on the uncontrolled chain reaction of the fission of heavy nuclei and the reaction of nuclear fusion.
For the implementation of the fission chain reaction, either uranium-235 or plutonium-239, or, in some cases, uranium-233, are used. Uranium in nature is found in the form of two main isotopes - uranium-235 (0.72% of natural uranium) and uranium-238 - everything else (99.2745%). An impurity from uranium-234 (0.0055%), formed by the decay of uranium-238, is also commonly found. However, only uranium-235 can be used as a fissile material. In uranium-238, independent development of a nuclear chain reaction is impossible (therefore, it is common in nature). To ensure the "operability" of a nuclear bomb, the uranium-235 content must be at least 80%. Therefore, in the production of nuclear fuel to increase the proportion of uranium-235 and apply a complex and extremely costly process of enrichment of uranium. In the USA, the enrichment level of weapons-grade uranium (the fraction of the isotope 235) exceeds 93% and is sometimes reduced to 97.5%.
The mood in Turkey is dangerous, as never before, quite good news in less than 48 hours of publications in a number of Western European publications. Asked or unsolicited questions from observers: is it true, what are the real possibilities of Turkey, what will be its future as a strategically important ally in NATO, what mistakes do commentators make, what threats are associated with such events?
Of course, the reasons for this interest are a new stage launched by President Erdogan in his anti-Western course, a campaign in some pro-government media with crazy titles that Turkey would seize Germany once, and an hour later France referring to the famous political scientist George Friedman for Turkish military power and others .
An alternative to the uranium enrichment process is the creation of a “plutonium bomb” based on the plutonium-239 isotope, which is usually doped with a small amount of gallium to increase the stability of physical properties and improve charge compressibility. Plutonium is produced in nuclear reactors during prolonged irradiation of uranium-238 with neutrons. Similarly, uranium-233 is obtained by irradiation with thorium neutrons. In the US, nuclear munitions are equipped with alloy 25 or Oraloy, whose name comes from Oak Ridge (uranium enrichment plant) and alloy (alloy). The composition of this alloy includes 25% uranium-235 and 75% plutonium-239.
He is well known in NATO and in Turkey. Sources that we can trust the most are. Israeli intelligence has long believed that “Turkey is following in the footsteps of Iran” and is actively developing a civilian nuclear program to create nuclear weapons. It has the potential to produce nuclear weapons. For this, Greece should not be indifferent, says Netanyahu.
Hans Rühl, the former head of the German Defense Ministry headquarters, wrote in the newspaper "Die Welt" that Western intelligence experts are unanimous - Erdogan wants to arm his country with nuclear weapons. Turkey is positioning itself as Iran and is seeking to build the potential of nuclear weapons through peaceful nuclear mining.
Types of nuclear explosions
Nuclear explosions can be of the following types:
- high-altitude and air explosions (in the air and in space)
- ground blast
- underground explosion (below ground)
- surface (near the surface of the water)
- underwater
Amazing factors
When a nuclear weapon is detonated, a nuclear explosion occurs, the damaging factors of which are:
Nuclear physicists such as Heirain Kilic from the United States also come to the conclusion that Turkey’s real intentions are the acquisition of nuclear weapons. Sabri Ishilen, the author of Diary, writes that Pakistan, Turkey and Qatar are working together on their weapons capabilities, including nuclear weapons.
Arguments confirming the allegations of the acquisition of nuclear weapons by Turkey are as follows. Hans Rühle from the German Ministry of Defense. From the perspective of President Erdogan is now important for the Turkish people. To demonstrate power through the acquisition of the atomic bomb. It will be good, experts predict. If Turkey succeeds, Erdogan’s power will be guaranteed indefinitely, says Stockholm World Exploration President Abdullah Bozkurt.
People who have been directly exposed to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, in addition to physical damage, experience a powerful psychological impact from the terrifying look of the picture of the explosion and destruction. Electromagnetic impulse does not directly affect living organisms, but can disrupt electronic equipment.
Much of the evidence is that in the contracts for two new nuclear power plants with Russia and Japan, the Turkish side very strangely refuses to supply nuclear fuel and return the already used one. The only possible reason to stay like this. Nuclear sticks are intended for use for other purposes, and they can only be military.
Turkey purchased an unspecified number of centrifuges needed to enrich uranium, and there are several reports. One of the main assumptions is that they are from Pakistan. It does not matter that the electronics of all Pakistani installations were Turkish. Turkey’s connections to well-known suppliers of centrifuges to Iran, North Korea and Libya are well known.
Classification of nuclear ammunition
All nuclear weapons can be divided into two main categories:
- "Atomic" - single-phase or single-stage explosive devices, in which the main energy output comes from the nuclear fission of heavy nuclei (uranium-235 or plutonium) with the formation of lighter elements.
- Thermonuclear weapons (also “hydrogen”) are two-phase or two-stage explosive devices that sequentially develop two physical processes localized in different regions of space: in the first stage, the main source of energy is the fission reaction of heavy nuclei, and in the second fission reaction and fusion synthesis are used in various proportions, depending on the type and setting of the ammunition.
The fusion reaction, as a rule, develops inside the fissile assembly and serves as a powerful source of additional neutrons. Only early nuclear devices in the 40s of the 20th century, a few cannon-bomb bombs in the 1950s, some nuclear artillery shells, as well as products of the nuclear-technologically underdeveloped states (South Africa, Pakistan, North Korea) do not use fusion as a power amplifier nuclear explosion. Contrary to a stable stereotype, in thermonuclear (that is, two-phase) ammunition, most of the energy (up to 85%) is released due to the fission of uranium-235 / plutonium-239 and / or uranium-238 nuclei. The second stage of any such device can be equipped with a tamper made of uranium-238, which is effectively divided from the fast neutrons of the fusion reaction. Thus, a multiple increase in the power of the explosion and a monstrous increase in the amount of radioactive fallout is achieved. With the light hand of R. Jung, the author of the famous book “Brighter Thousands of Suns,” written in 1958 hot on the heels of the Manhattan Project, this kind of “dirty” ammunition is called FFF (fusion-fission-fusion) or three-phase. However, this term is not entirely correct. Almost all "FFF" refers to two-phase and differ only in the material of the tamper, which in "clean" ammunition can be made of lead, tungsten, etc. The exception is Sakharov's "Puffs", which should be attributed to single-phase, although they have the layered structure of the explosive (the core of plutonium - a layer of lithium-6 deuteride - a layer of uranium 238). In the US, such a device is called Alarm Clock (Clock with alarm). The scheme of sequential alternation of the reactions of fission and synthesis is implemented in two-phase ammunition, in which up to 6 layers can be counted with very “moderate” power. An example is the relatively modern W88 warhead, in which the first section (primary) contains two layers, the second section (secondary) has three layers, and another layer is a common uranium-238 shell for the two sections (see figure).
Some argue that Erdogan instructed his son-in-law, Berat Al-Baqar, to take responsibility for the contracts for nuclear energy, on which many details remain hidden. For one country, it is fundamentally important to create appropriate carriers - missiles, and here it should be noted that Turkey has its own program for intercontinental ballistic missiles. According to some intelligence services, Turkey also received documentation for the production of ballistic missiles from the former Soviet republics.
It is wrong to compare Iran and Turkey for the simple reason that as a member of NATO, if it remains, our neighbor will benefit from the guarantees of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. But after Erdogan declared the enemies of the United States and NATO, receiving support from the Secretary-General of the Alliance, Turkey is becoming “an increasingly unpredictable and reliable ally,” writes Philip Bakter, a researcher at the James Martin Center.
- Sometimes a separate category is allocated neutron weapons - low-power two-phase ammunition (from 1 kt to 25 kt), in which 50-75% of the energy is obtained through thermonuclear fusion. Since the main carrier of energy in the synthesis are fast neutrons, the explosion of such a munition can produce a neutron yield several times higher than the neutron yield from explosions of single-phase nuclear explosive devices of comparable power. Due to this, significantly greater weight of damaging factors is achieved: neutron radiation and induced radioactivity (up to 30% of the total energy output), which may be important from the point of view of reducing radioactive fallout and reducing damage on the ground with high efficiency of use against tanks and manpower. It should be noted the mythical nature of the idea that neutron weapons strike only people and leave intact the structure. The destructive effect of an explosion of neutron ammunition is hundreds of times greater than any non-nuclear ammunition.
Gun scheme
The “gun scheme” was used in some first-generation nuclear weapons models. The essence of the gun scheme is to fire a powder charge of one block of fissile material of subcritical mass ("bullet") into another - stationary ("target"). The blocks are designed so that when combined, their total mass becomes supercritical.
Commentators seem to have forgotten that only weeks ago, a vote was taken at the UN on a draft Nuclear Weapons Treaty, supported by more than 122 countries. He was boycotted by NATO and EU member countries, and the media were silent about their reasons and arguments, including in Bulgaria. Well, an extensive US nuclear weapons modernization program is known. And the new treaty, which will be held this fall, will have a chance to end nuclear disarmament.
In connection with Brekit in Germany, discussions began on a new role for the country in the world and the “necessity” of its nuclear weapons. Against all this, why not accelerate Turkey’s plans to acquire its own nuclear weapons? Wine for this brings the international community!
This method of detonation is possible only in uranium ammunition, since plutonium has a higher neutron background by two orders of magnitude, which dramatically increases the likelihood of premature development of a chain reaction before the blocks are connected. This leads to an incomplete energy release (the so-called "pop", eng. fizzle). To implement a cannon scheme in plutonium ammunition, an increase in the speed of connection of charge parts to a technically unattainable level is required. In addition, uranium is better than mechanical plunger than plutonium.
The risks are undoubtedly in a very wide range. If only one of the current candidates, including Saudi Arabia, is going to acquire nuclear weapons, a new spiral of weapons and a sharp increase in the threat of nuclear war will appear by lowering the threshold for launching nuclear weapons.
The thesis that nuclear weapons is only a deterrent does not contradict two cases: threats to Western European countries for rapid destruction within a few hours and world trends in the modernization of tactical nuclear weapons, which reduces the threshold for using nuclear weapons.
A classic example of such a scheme is the “Little Boy” (“Little Boy”) bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August. Uranium for its production was mined in the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), in Canada (Great Bear Lake) and in the USA ( Colorado). In the “Little Boy” bomb, for this purpose, a 16.4-cm barrel of a naval gun shortened to 1.8 m was used, while the uranium “target” was a cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and a mass of 25.6 kg, which was “shot” a cylindrical "bullet" weighing 38.5 kg with an appropriate internal channel was advancing. This “intuitively incomprehensible” design was chosen to reduce the neutron background of the target: in it it was not close, but at a distance of 59 mm from the neutron reflector (“tamper”). As a result, the risk of premature onset of a fission chain reaction with incomplete energy release was reduced to a few percent.
In whose hands will the poppy weapon fall? The aforementioned high priest, Heatherin Karpaman, is a copy of the religious leader of the Muslim Brotherhoods, Joseph Qaradawi. Erdogan personally demonstrates the sign of the “Muslim Brotherhood” at each public speech - four fingers. The future arc of “political Islam”, which commented on British intelligence, includes the Muslim Jabrati, Qatar, Turkey and Iran.
Conclusion: Turkey has the potential to build a nuclear bomb and has repeatedly shown that it is working in this direction. However, as far as she came to work, she remains a mystery. In the next few years, neither the nuclear leader, nor the jerk with the appropriate range have a real opportunity to see the world, and all appeals in this direction will have a rather desirable character. However, Erdogan’s vision of growing Turkey as a great power is still inextricably linked with the implementation of such a project.
Later, on the basis of this scheme, the Americans produced 240 artillery shells in three production batches. These shells were fired from a conventional cannon. By the end of the 60s, all these charges were destroyed, due to the high probability of a nuclear self-explosion.
Implosive scheme
This detonation scheme involves obtaining a supercritical state by compressing the fissile material with a focused shock wave created by an explosion of chemical explosive. For focusing the shock wave, so-called explosive lenses are used, and undermining is performed simultaneously at many points with high accuracy. Creating such a system for the location of explosives and explosions was at one time one of the most difficult tasks. The formation of a converging shock wave was provided by the use of explosive lenses from “fast” and “slow” explosives - TATB (Triaminotrinitrobenzene) and baratol (a mixture of trinitrotoluene with barium nitrate), and some additives) (see animation).
If it does not strike now, North Korea will significantly increase its nuclear arsenal in the coming years. The unprecedented aggravation of relations between the United States and North Korea has reached a critical point. US President Donald Trump warned the Kim Jong Yun regime that in his provocations "they will be met with fire and rage, which the world has never seen."
And despite the fact that the recession has been reduced in recent days, on both sides of the regime in North Korea lead him on the path that could lead to its end. North Korea’s ambitions threaten international security and stability. There, they should stop talking about actions that would destroy their regime and put their people at risk. “Currently, the Allies have the most accurate and accurate defense forces on the ground,” said Matisse.
According to this scheme, the first nuclear charge was also executed (the nuclear device “Gadget” (eng. gadget - device), exploded on the tower for testing purposes during the tests with the expressive name “Trinity” on July 16, 1945 at the test site near the town of Alamogordo in the state of New Mexico), and the second atomic bomb used for military purposes - “Fat Man” (Fat Man) dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. In fact, Gadget was a prototype of the Fat Man bomb without the outer shell. In this first atomic bomb, the so-called “hedgehog” was used as the neutron initiator. urchin). (For technical details, see the article “Fat Man.”) Subsequently, this scheme was found to be ineffective, and the uncontrolled type of neutron initiation was hardly used in the future.
Tension in recent days has reached a point not by chance. The publication is based on anonymous sources of American intelligence. It is at this critical moment that leading military experts have been warning for years not only from the United States, but also from other countries.
Amid their difficult work, Trump's speculative speeches have an even more sinister dimension. The anti-human nature of the regime in Pyongyang does not mean a normal result. Probably, the complexity of the problem is to blame, and the insufficient activity of a large part of the international community, which forced the North Korean dictator to contain only the United States, also contributes to the deepening of an explosive atmosphere. Many hurriedly criticized the President of the United States for harsh speeches, but is there a choice and a peaceful outcome of the situation?
In nuclear charges based on the fission reaction, a small amount of thermonuclear fuel (deuterium and tritium) is usually placed in the center of the hollow assembly, which heats up and shrinks in the process of dividing the assembly to such a state that it starts a fusion reaction. This gas mixture must be continuously updated to compensate for the continuous spontaneous decay of tritium nuclei. The additional neutrons released during this process initiate new chain reactions in the assembly and compensate for the loss of neutrons leaving the active zone, which leads to a multiple increase in the energy yield from the explosion and more efficient use of fissile material. By varying the content of the gas mixture in the charge, ammunition is obtained with a widely controlled explosion power.
In his analysis, Crispin Rover, Ph.D., worked in the secretariat of the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament and a member of the Australian Workers Party. In his detailed work, the author, who is also the author of the book The Trump Phenomenon: How a Man Beats America, presents two main options for the development of a crisis - peaceful, and rather primitive and military. The findings are realistic and shocking.
According to him, in the first version, if the United States chooses not to carry out military actions to destroy the North Korean nuclear program, they will be prevented from further intervention. In this situation, over the next five to ten years, North Korea will continue to expand, diversify and protect its growing nuclear arsenal.
Swan type construction
It should be noted that the described scheme of spherical implosion is archaic, and since the mid-1950s almost never used. The principle of operation of the “Swan” type construction (eng. swan - swan), based on the use of a fissile assembly of a special form, which, in the process initiated at one point by one fuse of an implosion, contracts in the longitudinal direction and turns into a supercritical sphere. The shell itself consists of several layers of explosive with a different detonation rate, which is made on the basis of an alloy of RDX and plastic in the right proportion and a filler - expanded polystyrene, so that a space filled with expanded polystyrene remains between it and the nuclear assembly inside. This space introduces the desired delay due to the fact that the detonation speed of explosives exceeds the speed of movement of the shock wave in polystyrene foam. The form of the charge strongly depends on the detonation velocity of the shell layers and the velocity of propagation of the blast wave in polystyrene, which is hypersonic under the given conditions. The shock wave from the outer layer of explosives reaches the inner spherical layer at a time over the entire surface. A significantly lighter tamper is made not from uranium-238, but from well-reflecting beryllium neutrons. It can be assumed that the unusual name of this design - "Swan" (the first test - Inca in 1956) was suggested by the shape of the swan's neck. Thus, it was possible to abandon spherical implosion and thus solve the extremely difficult problem of submicrosecond synchronization of fuses on a spherical assembly and thus simplify and reduce the diameter of the implosive nuclear weapon from 2 m in the Fatty bomb to 30 cm or less. In case of accidental operation of the detonator, there are several preventive measures to prevent uniform compression of the assembly and its destruction without a nuclear explosion.
This development will lead to a bunch of negative consequences. First, the provocations of North Korea will grow. After overcoming the threat of a US attack, North Korea will feel “free hands” over its neighbors. For example, a regime could launch conventional ballistic missiles directly to Japan, killing dozens of civilians. At the same time, instead of reacting with decent force.
The United States will seek to limit its ally Japan from escalation, for fear that the regime of a madman will react with nuclear warheads against the United States. For its part, North Korea may begin negotiations, but in this case it is already in a state of power - instead of stopping its nuclear program in exchange for help, it will be able to blackmail the international community with threats and violence.
Thermonuclear ammunition
The power of a nuclear charge operating solely on the principle of dividing heavy elements is limited to tens of kilotons. Energy output (eng. yield) single-phase ammunition reinforced with thermonuclear fuel inside the fissile assembly (Boosted fission weapon (eng.)russian ), can reach hundreds of kilotons. It is almost impossible to create a megaton class single-phase device, increasing the mass of the fissile material does not solve the problem. The fact is that the energy released as a result of a chain reaction inflates the assembly at a speed of about 1000 km / s, so it quickly becomes subcritical and most of the fissile material does not have time to react. For example, in the “Fat Man” bomb dropped on the city of Nagasaki, no more than 20% of the 6.2 kg of plutonium charge responded, and in the “Kid” bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, only 1.4% of the 64 kg enriched to about 80% disintegrated uranium. The most powerful single-phase (British) ammunition in history, exploded during the Orange Herald tests in the city, reached a capacity of 720 kilotons.
Two-phase ammunition can increase the power of nuclear explosions to tens of megatons. However, the missile with multiple warheads, high accuracy of modern delivery systems and satellite intelligence made the megaton class devices almost unnecessary. Moreover, the carriers of super-power ammunition are more vulnerable to missile defense and air defense systems.
In a two-phase device, the first stage of the physical process ( primary) is used to start the second stage ( secondary), during which the greatest part of energy is released. Such a scheme is called the Teller-Ulam construction.
Energy from the detonation of the primary charge is transmitted through a special channel ("Interstage") in the process of radiation diffusion of x-ray quanta and provides the detonation of the secondary charge by means of radiation implosion of the ignition plutonium or uranium element. The latter also serves as an additional source of energy together with a neutron reflector from uranium-235 or uranium-238, and together they can produce up to 85% of the total energy output of a nuclear explosion. In this case, thermonuclear fusion is more a source of neutrons for the fission of heavy nuclei, and under the influence of fission neutrons on Li nuclei, tritium is formed in the composition of lithium deuteride, which immediately reacts to thermonuclear fusion with deuterium.
In the first two-phase experimental device Ivy Mike (Ivy Mike) (10.5 Mt in the test in 1952), liquefied deuterium and tritium were used instead of lithium deuteride, but subsequently the extremely expensive pure tritium was not used directly in the second-stage thermonuclear reaction. It is interesting to note that only thermonuclear fusion provided 97% of the main energy output of the experimental Soviet Tsar Bomb (aka Kuz'kin's Mother), which was blown up in 1961 with an absolutely record output of about 58 Mt. The most effective power / weight two-phase ammunition was the American “monster” Mark 41 with a capacity of 25 Mt, which was mass-produced for deployment on B-47, B-52 bombers and in the monoblock version for Titan-2 ICBMs. The neutron reflector of this bomb was made of uranium-238, so it was never tested at full scale, in order to avoid large-scale radiation contamination. When it was replaced with the lead power of this device was reduced to 3 Mt.
It is one of the most amazing, mysterious and scary processes. The principle of operation of nuclear weapons is based on a chain reaction. This is a process, the very course of which initiates its continuation. The principle of the hydrogen bomb is based on synthesis.
Atomic bomb
The nuclei of some isotopes of radioactive elements (plutonium, californium, uranium and others) are able to decay, while capturing a neutron. After that, two or three more neutrons are released. The destruction of the nucleus of one atom under ideal conditions can lead to the disintegration of two or three more, which, in turn, can initiate other atoms. And so on. There is an avalanche-like process of destruction of an increasing number of nuclei with the release of a huge amount of atomic bond breaking energy. With the explosion, huge energies are released in an ultra-small amount of time. It happens at one point. Therefore, the atomic bomb explosion is so powerful and destructive.
To initiate the start of a chain reaction, it is necessary that the amount of radioactive substance exceeds the critical mass. Obviously, you need to take several parts of uranium or plutonium and combine into one. However, to cause an atomic bomb explosion, this is not enough, because the reaction will stop before a sufficient amount of energy is released, or the process will proceed slowly. In order to achieve success, it is necessary not only to exceed the critical mass of the substance, but to do it in an extremely small period of time. It is best to use several critical masses. This is achieved through the use of other And alternate fast and slow explosives.
The first nuclear test was conducted in July 1945 in the United States near the town of Almogordo. In August of the same year, the Americans used these weapons against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The explosion of the atomic bomb in the city led to the terrible destruction and death of most of the population. In the USSR, atomic weapons were created and tested in 1949.
H-bomb
It is a weapon with a very large destructive power. Its principle of operation is based on which is the synthesis of lighter atoms of hydrogen from heavy helium nuclei. When this occurs, the release of a very large amount of energy. This reaction is similar to the processes that occur in the Sun and other stars. Thermonuclear fusion is most easily done using isotopes of hydrogen (tritium, deuterium) and lithium.
The test of the first hydrogen warhead was conducted by the Americans in 1952. In the modern sense, this device can hardly be called a bomb. It was a three-story building filled with liquid deuterium. The first hydrogen bomb explosion in the USSR was made six months later. Soviet thermonuclear ammunition RDS-6 was blown up in August 1953 near Semipalatinsk. The largest hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 50 megatons (Tsar Bomb) of the USSR was tested in 1961. Wave after the explosion of ammunition circled the planet three times.
